Exploring the Complex World of Specialty Coffee

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• Bean Origin and Varietals
• Coffee Processing Methods
• Roasting Styles and Techniques
• Brewing Methods
• Tasting and Flavor Profiles
• Conclusion
• Frequently Asked Questions

Introduction

Exploring the Complex World of Specialty Coffee

Specialty coffee has exploded in popularity over the past decade, evolving from a niche market into a thriving industry focused on quality, ethics, and sustainability. But what exactly makes coffee "specialty"? Within the broad realm of specialty coffee exists a complex world of nuance and craft that shapes the flavor in your cup.

At its core, specialty coffee is about sourcing the highest quality coffee beans and bringing out their most optimal flavor. This requires careful consideration of the full process, from farming and processing practices to roasting and brewing techniques. In this article, we'll explore the many factors that influence specialty coffee quality and flavor.

Bean Origin and Varietals

Where a coffee bean comes from, including the country, region, and specific farm, has an enormous impact on its final flavor. Some key factors related to origin include:

1. Soil composition and elevation
2. Climate and rainfall patterns
3. Cultivation methods used on the farm
4. Coffee species and varietals grown

The two main commercial coffee species are Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora (also known as robusta). Arabica is considered of higher quality and produces beans with more complex, nuanced flavors. Within these species, hundreds of varietals or cultivars impart their own flavors - for example, heirloom varieties like Typica and Bourbon.

1. Major Coffee Regions

Some of the best-known coffee origins include:

• Ethiopia: birthplace of coffee, with heirloom varieties and fruity flavors
• Kenya: known for its intense sweetness and black currant notes
• Colombia: Full-bodied with chocolate and caramel notes
• Guatemala: delicate with floral citrus notes
• Sumatra: earthy with herbal and spice tones

Coffee Processing Methods

After coffee cherries are harvested, they undergo a processing method to remove the outer skin and fruit pulp to extract the inner coffee beans. The two main processing methods are:

1. Washed/Wet: Cherries are pulped and then soaked in water tanks, creating lighter and brighter flavors.
2. Natural/Dry: Cherries are dried whole with the fruit pulp intact, producing heavier bodies and fruitier notes.

There are also hybrid processing methods like honey/pulped natural that involve partial drying before the beans are pulped. The processing technique has a marked impact on the bean's final flavor.

Roasting Styles and Techniques

Roasting not only develops a coffee bean's flavor but also determines its specific sensory qualities. Some key roasting factors include:

• Degree of roast: From light to dark, determines flavor strength and body.
• Temperature and time: Higher heat = faster roast, which affects bean structure.
• Color: Progression from light brown to dark brown with oils emerging at darkest stages.
• Origin flavors: roast degree should complement the bean's inherent flavors.

1. Roast Styles

Common specialty coffee roast styles include:

• Light: Retains origin character with complex fruit and floral tones.
• Medium: Balanced with moderate origin flavor and roast aroma.
• Dark: Chocolate and nutty notes dominate, origin character fades.

Lighter roasts are generally preferred for specialty coffee to highlight the bean's intrinsic qualities.

Brewing Methods

Whether brewing coffee at home or in a cafe, the brewing equipment and technique used affect the flavors extracted from the beans. Some popular specialty coffee brew methods include:

• Pour over: Water poured in controlled spirals over coffee grounds.
• Aeropress: Coffee is pressed through a filter in a small cylindrical device.
• French press: Coffee grounds steep in hot water then pressed through a metal filter.
• Cold brew: Grounds steep at cool temperatures for an extended time.
• V60: A pour-over cone that produces clean and bright flavors.
• Chemex: Thick paper filters make a clean cup with sweet notes.

Specialty coffee nerds obsess over factors like water temperature, grind size, brew time, and dripping rate to create their perfect cup!

Tasting and Flavor Profiles

The pinnacle of specialty coffee is being able to discern subtle flavors and accurately describe tasting notes. There is an immense variety of flavors found in coffees from floral and fruity tones to wine-like notes. Some terms you may see include:

• Fruity: berry, citrus, stonefruit
• Floral: jasmine, lavender
• Nutty: almond, pecan
• Spices: cardamom, vanilla
• Drink-like: chocolate, caramel, wine

Being able to identify these tasting notes takes time and experience, but is incredibly rewarding for understanding flavors.

Conclusion

While it may seem like a simple drink, there is an enormous amount of complexity within specialty coffee. Each step of the seed-to-cup process - from farming techniques to processing methods to roasting styles - impacts the flavors experienced in the final cup of coffee. An incredible range of flavors can be found in specialty coffee if sourced from the right farms and prepared skillfully. The nuances and craft required to produce fine specialty coffee are why it has become so highly celebrated by coffee lovers and professionals around the world.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What qualities make specialty coffee different from commodity coffee?

Specialty coffee is sourced from the top 10-20% of coffee beans, focusing on variety, proper harvesting, and processing for flavor. Commodity coffee emphasizes yield over quality and does not pay attention to processing or varietals.

2. What is single-origin coffee?

Single-origin coffee comes from beans all grown in the same country, region, or farm. This allows the specific qualities of that area to shine through. Blends can mask an origin's unique flavors.

3. How much does specialty coffee cost?

There is a wide range, but specialty coffee generally costs $12-22 per 12oz bag. The higher cost comes from more labor-intensive practices to produce higher-quality beans on the farm.

4. What brewing equipment do I need for specialty coffee?

Basic pour-over, Aeropress, or French press kits are affordable and can produce specialty coffee-shop-quality brews. Burr grinders help achieve optimal grind size.

5. What are coffee cupping and coffee scores?

Cupping is a structured coffee tasting used to rate coffees on a 100-point scale. It involves deeply smelling and slurping coffee to analyze flavors.

The Definition of Specialty Coffee and Why it Matters

The Definition of Specialty Coffee and Why it Matters

Coffee is one of the most beloved beverages in the world. But not all coffee is created equal. Over the past few decades, discerning coffee drinkers have increasingly sought out higher quality, carefully sourced, and prepared specialty coffee.

But what exactly is "specialty coffee"? And why does it matter?

In this complete guide, we'll cover everything you need to know about specialty coffee from what defines it, why quality matters, facts and stats on consumption and sales, how specialty beans are sourced and processed, a guide to roasting methods, brewing techniques, and tips for buying, storing, and enjoying high-end artisanal coffees.

Table of Contents

• What is Specialty Coffee? - The Official Definitions
• Why Specialty Coffee Matters - Flavor, Ethics, Environment
• Specialty Coffee Consumption and Sales Statistics
• Sourcing High-Quality Coffee Beans
• Processing and Milling Specialty Coffee
• Roasting Methods and Flavor Profiles
• Grinding Coffee for Optimal Extraction
• Brewing Methods from Espresso to Pour Over
• Tips for Buying and Storing Specialty Coffee
• Enjoying Your Coffee - Tasting Notes and Pairings
• Frequently Asked Questions

What is Specialty Coffee? - The Official Definitions

So what exactly constitutes "specialty coffee"? There are a few key organizations that define and regulate criteria for coffee to be classified as specialty grade.

The Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) defines specialty coffee as:

Coffee that is free of primary defects, has no faults, displays a distinctive flavor profile, consists of a single coffee variety or blend, and is properly prepared. Specialty coffees are always sourced from the top 1-2% of the coffee produced in the world.

Specifically, certified specialty coffee meets the following standards:

• A brewed coffee sample receives a minimum score of 80 out of 100 in a professional coffee cupping evaluation
• The coffee sample has zero full defects and not more than five taint defects
• The coffee is traceable back to the farm or cooperative where it was produced
• The coffee is a single origin or blend crafted for flavor profile rather than economics of production

The term "third-wave coffee" is also used to describe high-quality artisanal coffee that focuses on sourcing, roasting, and brewing for optimal flavor.

Key Takeaways on Specialty Coffee Definitions

• Must meet minimum cupping score of 80+ out of 100
• Free of primary defects, low taint defects
• Traceable single-origin or crafted blend
• Top 1-2% of coffees worldwide

Why Specialty Coffee Matters - Flavor, Ethics, Environment

So why should coffee drinkers care about seeking out specialty coffee?

1. Flavor and Quality

The top reason that specialty coffee has seen a surge in popularity is the focus on achieving the best possible flavor and quality in the cup.

By carefully controlling the full process from farming techniques to storage, roasting, and brewing, specialty coffee producers can create incredibly complex, nuanced, and balanced coffee-drinking experiences.

From body and mouthfeel to aromas and finish, specialty coffee offers a wider range of flavors and characteristics to appreciate and explore.

2. Sustainable Sourcing and Fair Trade

Most specialty coffee is sourced directly from coffee farms, with an emphasis on fair prices, living wages, and environmentally sustainable practices.

Many small farm coffee producers lack the infrastructure and market access that larger operations have. Specialty buyers work directly with growers, often paying well above commodity market price per pound and providing resources to improve quality and yields through sustainable farming methods.

3. Preservation of Heirloom Varietals

The world of specialty coffee has helped spur interest in planting and preserving indigenous coffee varietals such as Geisha, Bourbon, Typica, Caturra, and Maragogype. These often have the most interesting flavor profiles but lower yields than hybrid varieties, so they are not economically viable on a mass commodity scale. By providing a market for these low-yield, high-quality beans, specialty coffee helps preserve coffee genetic diversity.

4. Transparency and Connections

Most specialty coffee is traceable to the farm or cooperative where it was sourced, providing transparency on where coffee comes from. Coffee bags are labeled with details on the growers, altitude, processing method, tasting notes, and more.

This enables a deeper connection between coffee drinkers and the farmers who produce the beans, fostering an appreciation for all the work that goes into producing an exceptional cup.

Specialty Coffee Consumption and Sales Statistics

The specialty coffee segment has seen impressive growth, rising from less than 10% to over 50% of U.S. coffee market value in the past 3 decades.

Some key facts and figures on specialty coffee:

• Specialty coffee makes up over 50% of the U.S. coffee market value - projected to reach 60% by 2025 (Specialty Coffee Association).
• There are over 20,000 specialty coffee companies in the United States alone (Allegra World Coffee Portal).
• The U.S. specialty coffee market value is over $46 billion, with a 14% CAGR from 2019-2024 (Mordor Intelligence).
• 65% of U.S. coffee drinkers say they purchase specialty coffee most of the time (National Coffee Association).
• Daily U.S. specialty coffee consumption rose from 14% to 41% from 2000 to 2020 (Reuters, Allegra World Coffee Portal).

As coffee drinkers increasingly seek out higher quality and unique coffee experiences, the specialty coffee market is positioned for continued double-digit growth.

Sourcing High-Quality Coffee Beans

To produce specialty grade coffee beans requires care and expertise starting right at the farm level.

Here are some key practices of specialty coffee sourcing:

Altitude and Microclimate

The best specialty coffees are grown at higher altitudes, often 3,000-6,000 ft above sea level. The cooler temperatures, plentiful sunshine, and rich volcanic soil found in these high-altitude regions contribute to slower bean maturation and the development of complex flavors.

Specific microclimates and mountainous regions renowned for specialty coffee include:

• Tarrazú, Costa Rica
• Antigua, Guatemala
• Santa Maria de Dota, Costa Rica
• Sidamo, Ethiopia
• Kintamani, Bali
• Mt Kenya, Kenya

Coffee Varietals

Arabica coffee trees make up about 60% of world coffee production and produce beans with more aromatic, complex flavors. The finest specialty Arabicas include Typica, Bourbon, Caturra, Catuai, Geisha, and heirloom varieties. Robustas have a higher yield and caffeine but a more neutral flavor.

Shade Grown

Growing coffee under canopy shade slows down cherry ripening, protects the plants, and supports biodiversity. This labor-intensive method lowers yield but improves coffee quality and taste.

Harvest and Processing

Specialty beans are hand-picked when perfectly ripe. Post-harvest processing (wet, dry, or honey) is completed with meticulous attention to detail to achieve the best flavor.

Processing and Milling Specialty Coffee

After harvest, additional steps are required to prepare the coffee beans for roasting. This post-harvest processing develops the coffee's distinct flavors and aroma.

The main processing methods used for specialty coffee are:

Wet/Washed Processing

Most prized specialty coffees are wet-processed. After harvest, the coffee cherry's outer skin is removed, the sugars are washed off, and the beans are dried.

Benefits: Brings out bright acidity and fruit notes.

Dry/Natural Processing

The cherries are dried immediately after harvest with the fruit still intact. This imparts a sweeter, heavier body.

Honey Processing

A hybrid method where the skins are removed but some residual sticky mucilage stays on during drying, giving honey and caramelized sugar notes.

After processing, the green beans are milled to remove any remaining dried outer husk and silverskin. They are sorted, graded, and exported. The highest-grade green coffees will be purchased by specialty roasters.

Roasting Methods and Flavor Profiles

From light-roasted single-origin beans to deep, dark espresso blends, roasting is an art and science that transforms raw coffee into the diverse array of flavors and aromas that we enjoy in our cups.

Light Roast

Specialty coffee is often lightly roasted to accentuate the original flavors from the bean, like fruit and floral notes. Lighter roasts have higher acidity and caffeine levels.

Medium Roast

As roasting progresses, sugars caramelize bringing out sweeter, nuttier flavors. Acidity decreases as the bean structure breaks down.

Dark Roast

In dark roasting, the sugars fully caramelize and begin to char. Oils migrate to the surface. The dominant taste becomes roasty and bittersweet with lower acidity.

Blending different roast levels and bean types is key for creating complex, balanced coffees suited to particular brew methods like espresso.

Grinding Coffee for Optimal Extraction

Proper grinding maximizes coffee extraction during brewing. The optimal grind size depends on the brew method. Espresso requires very fine powdery grind while French press uses coarse grinds.

Common grinds from fine to coarse:

• Turkish - Pulverized superfine powder
• Espresso - Fine powder, feels like flour
• Drip - Medium grind, grainy feel like table salt
• French Press - Coarse grind, gritty texture

Conical burr grinders allow precise grind customization. Grinding beans fresh right before brewing preserves aroma and oils.

Brewing Methods from Espresso to Pour Over

Brewing is where science meets art. The many brew methods each produce a different blend of flavors and textures by controlling time, temperature, and extraction.

Espresso

Finely ground coffee is brewed under pressure with hot water, producing concentrated liquid espresso with crema foam.

Drip

Hot water passes over the grounds to produce smooth, well-rounded drip coffee. Brew time is under 5 minutes.

French Press

Coarse ground coffee steeps in hot water and then is pressed through a plunger. Full-bodied with sediment.

Pour Over

Water is manually poured over the grounds in a filter producing clean, bright coffee. Flow rate controls flavor.

Cold Brew

Coarse grounds steep in room temp or cold water for 12+ hours then filtered. Sweet with low acidity.

Vacuum Brewing

Coffee is completely immersed in water, and then vacuum suctioned through a filter once brewed. Clean taste.

With proper technique, each brew method can produce an amazing cup that highlights different flavor notes in the beans.

Tips for Buying and Storing Specialty Coffee

To get the most enjoyment from your specialty coffee purchase, proper storage and handling are key.

• Whole bean is best - Purchase and grind beans fresh before brewing.
• Air-tight container - Store beans in a sealed, opaque container away from light and oxygen.
• Cool and dry - Store beans in a cool, dry spot. Refrigeration optional.
• Buy smaller batches - Buy what you'll use in 1-2 weeks for optimal freshness.
• First in, first out - Brew older beans first before tapping into a newer bag.
• Freeze extras - Freeze surplus beans in airtight bags for longer storage.

Enjoying Your Coffee - Tasting Notes and Pairings

Here are some tips for expanding your coffee-tasting experience once you've got your fresh specialty coffee in hand:

1. Take note of aroma and appearance

Before even sipping, smell the freshly roasted beans and ground coffee to appreciate the complex aromas. Note the coffee's color and crema.

2. Slurp vigorously like a wine tasting

Slurp a spoonful vigorously to spread it across your palate. Pick out subtle tastes and textures like fruit, syrupy mouthfeel, and dry finish.

3. Add milk/sugar judiciously

Add small amounts slowly to enhance but not hide flavors. For black coffee purists, enjoy it solo to fully experience the bean.

4. Pair coffees with foods

Fruitier coffees pair well with sweets, while darker roasts match hearty meats or savory treats. Try coffee alongside chocolate, doughnuts, or affogato.

Frequently Asked Questions

What percentage of coffee sold is specialty?

As of 2022 over 50% of US coffee market revenue comes from specialty coffee, projected to reach 60% by 2025 as quality awareness increases.

Is specialty coffee a fad or trend?

While many see the popularity of specialty coffee shops and roasters as a trend, the focus on quality, ethics, and sustainability indicates this is much more than a passing fad for most coffee lovers.

Is specialty coffee always organic or shade-grown?

While many specialty coffees use shade-grown or organic farming, there is no requirement that the beans be certified organic or grown under shade to be considered specialty. Though these practices often improve quality.

Do I need special equipment to brew specialty coffee?

While coffee aficionados may use professional espresso machines and gooseneck kettles, you can certainly brew great specialty coffee with basic home equipment. Focus more on technique, grind size, and freshness of beans.

With specialty coffee's surge in popularity, discerning coffee drinkers can now access a wide selection of beans grown, roasted, and brewed with attention that reveals the breadth and subtlety of flavors a seemingly simple cup of joe can provide. Seek out locally roasted fresh beans and put these brewing tips into practice. Soon you may find yourself joining coffee fans who swear specialty brews are a cut above the rest.

From Crop to Cup: Tracing the Origins and Meaning of Specialty Coffee

What makes specialty coffee so unique and meaningful? This article explores the crop-to-cup process behind high-quality, sustainable coffees and why they matter.

Table of Contents

• The Origins of Specialty Coffee
• The Meaning and Value of Specialty Coffee
• Sourcing: From Crop to Cup
• Roasting for Flavor and Quality
• Brewing Methods
• Specialty Coffee Culture and Community
• Frequently Asked Questions

The Origins of Specialty Coffee

Coffee originated in Ethiopia, where the first coffee plants grew wild. By the 15th century, coffee cultivation and trade had spread to Arabia and beyond. As the demand for coffee grew globally over the centuries, mass production and commodity-style coffee became the norm.

The specialty coffee movement emerged in the 1960s and 70s as a response to this, with a focus on higher quality, sustainably grown coffees. Specialty coffee prioritizes factors like:

• Coffee variety and genetics
• Terroir and growing conditions
• Harvesting and processing methods
• Freshness and seasonality
• Direct trade relationships

This shifted the emphasis from quantity to quality and enabled coffee drinkers to better understand and appreciate where their coffee comes from and how it's produced.

Key Events in Specialty Coffee History

Some major milestones in specialty coffee history include:

• 1962 - Dutch coffee trader Alfred Peet opens Peet's Coffee in Berkeley, CA, introducing artisanal roasting and fresh, nutty dark roasts to American palates.
• 1966 - The first Starbucks opened in Seattle's Pike Place Market, inspired by Peet and selling quality whole bean coffees.
• 1970s - Green coffee importing companies like Royal Coffee and InterAmerican Coffee began building direct trade relationships with coffee farmers and estates.
• 1980s-90s - The Specialty Coffee Association of America formed to promote sustainably grown, high-quality specialty coffee in North America.
• The early 2000s - The third wave coffee movement takes off in the US, with a hyper-focus on coffee origins, light roasting, and manual brewing techniques like pour-over.

The Meaning and Value of Specialty Coffee

So what sets specialty coffee apart and makes it so meaningful? Some key characteristics include:

1. Quality and Complexity

Specialty coffees are held to higher quality standards, with nuanced flavors that reflect terroir, variety, and processing. They typically score 80+ on the 100-point Coffee Review scale.

2. Traceable Origins

Unlike commodity coffee, specialty coffee is traceable to the farm or cooperative level, so the origins and stories behind the coffee are known.

3. Sustainable Production

Sustainability practices like shade growing, conservation, and fair wages for farmers are a priority. Certifications like Fair Trade, organic, Rainforest Alliance, and Smithsonian Bird Friendly confirm this.

4. Freshness

Specialty coffee is seasonally harvested and time-sensitive. Roasters emphasize fresh crops and careful storage to maximize flavor.

5. Relationships and Ethics

Direct, ethical relationships throughout the coffee chain - from crop to cup - are fostered. This ensures fair pricing and support for farmers.

These core values make specialty coffee meaningful for producers, roasters, and consumers alike.

Sourcing: From Crop to Cup

The journey from seed to cup is an artisanal process that emphasizes quality and sustainability. Here are some key steps in specialty coffee's crop-to-cup journey:

Cultivation

Farms and cooperatives grow coffee varieties like Bourbon, Typica, Caturra, and Geisha on small, diverse plots. Quality-focused cultivation methods include:

• Shade growing under canopy trees
• Natural pest management
• Selective handpicking of ripe cherries
• Pruning and soil management

Processing

After harvest, the focus turns to removing the seed/bean from the cherry. This can be done via methods like:

• Wet/Washed - Pulp removed, then dried with parchment skin on.
• Natural - Dried with cherry skin, then hull removed.
• Honey - Pulp partially removed then dried.

Further steps like fermentation, washing, and drying influence flavor.

Exporting

Once processed, green (raw) coffee is exported in bags to roasters overseas. Specialty buyers sample coffees for cup quality and build relationships with growers.

Roasting

Roasters expertly roast green coffee beans to bring out aromas, sugars, and flavors without burning. Roast styles include light, medium, and dark.

Packaging

Packed in one-way degassing valves, specialty coffee is delivered fresh to cafes, stores, and consumers.

Brewing

Final preparation through methods like pour-over, French press, and espresso highlight distinct flavors.

Roasting for Flavor and Quality

Roasting is a complex art that delicately transforms green coffee into its consumable, aromatic form. Specialty roasters tailor roasts to highlight a coffee's inherent qualities.

Developing Flavor with Heat

Applying heat over roughly 8-12 minutes initiates chemical changes that develop a coffee's aromas, tastes, and textures. Sugar browning, Maillard reactions, and caramelization create flavor compounds.

Roast Styles and Flavor Profiles

Lighter roasts accentuate origin characteristics. Darker roasts bring out more roast character. Main roast styles include:

• Light - High acidity, distinct origin flavors.
• Medium - Balanced origin and roast notes.
• Dark - Smooth, chocolatey, roast-dominant.

Blend vs. Single Origin

While single origin highlights distinct regional characteristics, blends combine origins and roast levels for a specific flavor profile.

Brewing Methods

A variety of manual, artisanal brew methods can best showcase specialty coffee. Immersion and pour-over techniques are common.

Immersion Brewing

Steeping grounds in water, as in:

• French Press - Steeped then pressed through the metal filter.
• Aeropress - Steeped then forced through a paper filter.

Pour Over Brewing

Pouring water over grounds:

• V60 - Hot water is poured over the grounds in a ridged V60 dripper.
• Chemex - Spiral ridged paper filter brewer for clean cups.
• Kalita Wave - Flat bottom brewer with waved edges.

Espresso Drinks

Using an espresso machine, specialty coffee can produce shots for drinks like:

• Cappuccino
• Latte
• Americano
• Mocha

Specialty Coffee Culture and Community

Specialty Coffee has developed an expansive culture focused on quality, sustainability, community, and the entire coffee experience.

Coffeehouses

The modern coffeehouse provides a space to enjoy specialty coffee drinks, socialize, and connect. Some key features include:

• Skilled baristas
• Premium equipment like espresso machines
• Whole bean coffee sales
• Classes and tastings

Barista Competitions

Barista championships allow professional baristas to demonstrate their technical skills through timed espresso drinks, latte art, and signature beverages. This celebrates the craft behind specialty coffee.

Direct Trade Relationships

Through visiting farms and co-ops directly, roasters build connections with growers and transparency around coffee sources. This supports farmers through fair pricing and incentives for quality.

Sustainability Efforts

Organizations like World Coffee Research improve sustainability through initiatives like developing disease-resistant coffee varieties. Consumers increasingly want coffee that aligns with their values around factors like environmental impact and equitable labor practices.

Frequently Asked Questions

What qualifies a coffee as "specialty"?

While definitions vary, specialty coffees typically score 80+ on a 100-point scale and exhibit traits like high quality, nuanced flavors, sustainability, traceable sourcing, and freshness.

How is specialty coffee roasted?

Specialty roasters carefully adjust variables like temperature, time, and heat application to bring out the best attributes of each coffee. Lighter roasts tend to be used to highlight the origin character.

What is a single origin vs. a blend?

Single-origin coffee comes from one specific farm, region, or crop. A blend combines different origins and/or roast levels to produce a certain flavor profile.

How much does specialty coffee cost?

Expect to pay around $15-22 per 12 oz bag for many specialty coffees. Prices vary based on factors like origins, processing, and wholesale bean prices.

What's the difference between specialty-grade and commercial-grade coffee?

Specialty coffee is sourced from top-scoring crops, tailored for flavor, and freshly roasted. Commercial/commodity-grade coffee is blended for consistency and often produced at a large scale prioritizing efficiency over quality.

Understanding Specialty vs. Commodity Coffee - Going Beyond the Buzzwords

Understanding Specialty vs. Commodity Coffee - Going Beyond the Buzzwords

Coffee is one of the most popular beverages in the world, with people consuming over 2.25 billion cups per day. However, not all coffee is created equal. The two main categories are specialty and commodity coffee, which have distinct differences in quality, taste, and price.

With specialty coffee marketed as superior and commodity coffee considered more ordinary, it's important to understand what sets them apart. This article will explore the key distinctions, buzzwords used in marketing, and how to identify truly high-quality specialty coffee.

Table of Contents

• Defining Specialty and Commodity Coffee
• Origin and Processing
• Grading Systems
• Flavor and Complexity
• Pricing Differences
• Buzzwords in Marketing
• How to Identify Quality Coffee
• Conclusion

Defining Specialty and Commodity Coffee

Specialty coffee refers to the top tier of coffee production, representing about 15-20% of the world's supply. It is made from high-quality coffee beans grown in ideal conditions, carefully harvested and processed, then roasted to maximize flavor.

Commodity coffee makes up the other 80-85% of global production. It's grown in less-than-perfect conditions, harvested and processed in high volumes, and roasted generically. The focus is on quantity over quality.

Key Differences:

• Specialty coffee is graded 80 points or above out of 100 by professional "Q" coffee graders. Commodity coffee scores below 80 points.
• Specialty beans are grown in optimal conditions and selectively picked when ripe. Commodity beans are less selectively harvested.
• Specialty coffee is carefully processed to preserve flavor. Commodity coffee undergoes faster, generic processing.
• Specialty coffee is roasted in small batches to bring out taste nuances. Commodity coffee is roasted in large volumes.

Origin and Processing

Where and how coffee beans are grown makes a big impact on quality and taste.

Specialty Coffee Origins:

Specialty coffee is grown in specific regions known for high quality, like:

• Ethiopia
• Kenya
• Colombia
• Guatemala
• Costa Rica
• Sumatra

These regions have ideal climates, soil, and elevation for growing flavorful beans. The top specialty coffee farms also carefully cultivate their land and trees.

Commodity Coffee Origins:

Much of the world's commodity coffee is grown in Brazil and Vietnam. These mass-production regions focus more on yield than flavor.

Processing Methods:

Specialty coffee beans are processed using methods like:

• Dry/Natural - Drying the bean with the fruit still attached, which imparts flavor.
• Wet/Washed - Removing fruit then washing and drying, which produces a cleaner taste.
• Honey - Partially drying the bean with some fruit still attached.

These careful techniques help preserve the coffee's inherent flavors. Commodity beans undergo faster, less flavor-focused processing.

Grading Systems

Coffee grading helps indicate quality based on screen size, bean density, and number of defects.

Specialty Coffee Grading:

Specialty coffee achieves scores of 80+ out of 100 when cupped (professionally tasted) and graded by certified Q Graders. The Specialty Coffee Association also has strict standards for specialty-grade coffee.

Commodity Coffee Grading:

Commodity coffee scoring falls below 80 points. Lower grades like R, UG, and FAQ indicate more defects and poorer taste. Commodity beans are graded more on screen size than cup quality.

Flavor and Complexity

The most noticeable difference between specialty and commodity coffee is in the cup.

Specialty Coffee Flavor:

Careful growing, harvesting, and processing preserves specialty coffee's nuanced flavors. Professional cupping brings out tastes like:

• Fruit tones like berry, citrus, or melon
• Floral notes like jasmine or honeysuckle
• Spices like cinnamon and cardamom
• Sweetness like caramel, chocolate, or vanilla

These complex flavors and aromas are what specialty coffee drinkers cherish.

Commodity Coffee Flavor:

Commodity beans lack the flavors that specialty coffee showcases. When cupped by Q Graders, commodity coffee is evaluated more for cleanliness, uniformity, and defects.

The commodity bean's generic profile leads to relatively simple, muted flavors focused on basic notes like "nutty", "chocolatey", or "earthy."

Pricing Differences

With its focus on quality over quantity, specialty coffee commands a higher price.

Specialty Coffee Pricing:

Factors like limited supply, careful production, and cup quality lead to higher green bean prices for specialty coffee. This translates into higher costs for roasters and consumers:

• Green beans cost $5-8+ per pound for specialty, vs. under $2 for commodity grade.
• Roasted specialty coffee sells for $12-20+ per 12 oz. bag. Commodity-grade roasted coffee costs $6-12 per bag.
• Specialty coffee drinks cost $3-5+ at cafes. Commodity coffee drinks are under $3.

What You Get for the Price:

While specialty coffee is more expensive, fans feel it provides a far superior taste experience and ethical sourcing compared to commodity beans.

Buzzwords in Marketing

When researching coffee online or in the grocery aisle, you'll encounter lots of buzzwords used to market specialty coffee. But do they really mean high quality?

Common Specialty Coffee Buzzwords:

• Artisan - Hand-crafted in small batches
• Gourmet - High-quality taste and excellence
• Sustainable - Environmentally and socially responsible growing practices
• Direct Trade - Roasters source beans directly from farmers
• Rainforest Alliance Certified - Meets standards for sustainability
• Third Wave - Focused on quality, origin, and fair prices
• Single Origin - From one specific farm or region

While these terms can indicate good practices, they don't guarantee delicious flavor on their own. Do more research into factors like origin, processing, and cupping scores to verify quality.

How to Identify Quality Coffee

Here are some tips for looking beyond buzzwords and recognizing truly exceptional specialty coffee:

• Check for Q grader cupping scores of 80+
• Look for specific single origin vs. vague "blends"
• Seek out coffee-graded Specialty grades vs. commercial grades
• Favor roasters who source beans directly via direct trade
• Look for detailed flavor notes like berry, floral, etc. vs. generic "nutty"
• Research roasters' commitment to ethical, sustainable practices
• Talk to your local specialty café or roaster for tasting recommendations

While specialty coffee costs more than commercial brands, paying the premium brings you an elevated tasting experience that commodity coffee can't match.

Conclusion

With specialty coffee marketed as the pinnacle and commodity coffee considered ordinary, it's important to understand how factors like origin, processing, grading, and roasting impact quality and flavor.

Specialty coffee's focus on excellence from crop to cup shines through in its complex aromas and tastes. Commodity coffee provides a more straightforward, affordable option for day-to-day drinking.

While buzzwords abound in the coffee world, truly exceptional specialty coffee delivers a nuanced taste experience and commitment to responsible production that discerning drinkers value. Taking time to learn the signs of quality helps you go beyond the marketing hype and appreciate what makes specialty coffee special.

Frequently Asked Questions

What percentage of coffee is specialty vs. commodity?

Around 15-20% of world coffee production is considered specialty grade, while 80-85% is commodity grade.

What are the signs of high-quality specialty coffee?

Signs include cupping scores of 80+, single-origin beans, specialty grade, direct trade sourcing, detailed flavor notes, and commitment to sustainability.

Is specialty coffee worth the higher price?

Specialty coffee fans feel the elevated taste experience and ethical production are worth paying more compared to commodity coffee.

Do buzzwords like "gourmet" guarantee great coffee?

Not necessarily. Look beyond buzzwords for information on origin, cupping quality, specific flavors, and roaster practices to identify truly great coffee.

The Definition of Specialty Coffee - What Makes it Different?

The Definition of Specialty Coffee - What Makes it Different?

Coffee is one of the most popular drinks in the world, with over 400 billion cups consumed every year. But not all coffee is created equal. Specialty coffee is in a league of its own, distinguished by its higher quality, nuanced flavors, and careful production methods.

Table of Contents

• What is Specialty Coffee Meaning?
• Origin and History
• What Makes Specialty Coffee Different?
• Flavor Notes and Tasting
• Brewing Methods
• Health Benefits
• Frequently Asked Questions

What is Specialty Coffee Meaning?

The Specialty Coffee Association defines specialty coffee as “free of defects and has no faults." This refers to the entire process, from growing and harvesting, to roasting, brewing, and tasting.

Specifically, specialty coffee must meet the following standards:

• Grown at high altitudes in mineral-rich soil
• Ripened to optimal maturity and hand-picked
• Wet or dry-processed with care to preserve flavors
• Roasted skillfully to bring out unique flavors
• Free of defects and brewed properly

Only about 1 in 10 coffee beans qualify as “specialty.” This select coffee commands a higher price due to the meticulous production methods required.

Origin and History

The specialty coffee movement began in the 1970s with pioneers like Erna Knutsen, who coined the term “specialty coffee.” She established objective standards for bean quality and taste.

This contrasted with the commercial coffee at the time, which prioritized volume over flavor. Specialty coffee gained popularity among small cafes and retailers focused on quality.

The movement highlights) the nuances similar to wine or craft beer. Promoting coffee's origin story also became important.

Today, specialty coffee represents over 50% of coffee shop sales. Prominent growing regions include Central America, South America, Africa, Indonesia, and Hawaii.

What Makes Specialty Coffee Different?

Several key factors distinguish specialty coffee beans:

1. Origin - Single-origin or estate coffees, not blends. This highlights regional flavors.
2. Grade - Higher-grade beans with few defects. Standards like SHG or AA grade.
3. Processing - Careful harvesting and processing, like honey or natural dry.
4. Roast - Artisanal roasting that enhances flavor. Light, medium, or dark.
5. Freshness - Roasted recently and brewed within weeks. Peak flavor.
6. Taste - Complex, nuanced tasting notes. Fruity, floral, chocolatey.

Specialty coffee also adheres to sustainable growing practices. Farmers are paid fair prices, driving local economies.

Flavor Notes and Tasting

One of the hallmarks of specialty coffee is the myriad flavors and tasting notes. Careful processing and roasting bring out the unique characteristics of each coffee.

Professional coffee tasters, known as “Q Graders”, identify flavors using a surprisingly diverse vocabulary. Common tasting notes include:

• Fruit: berry, citrus, stonefruit, melon
• Floral: jasmine, honeysuckle, rose, lavender
• Spice: cinnamon, nutmeg, cardamom, vanilla
• Chocolate and caramel
• Nutty
• Earthy, woody, or herbal

The flavor profile depends on factors like the origin, processing method, and roast level. Lighter roasts accentuate fruity and floral notes. Darker roasts bring out more caramel, chocolate, or nutty notes.

Brewing Methods

Brewing specialty coffee requires care and the right equipment for the full experience. Recommended methods include:

• Pour over - Slowly pour hot water over the grounds in a filter.
• French press - Steeping grounds in hot water.
• Cold brew - Steeping grounds in room temp or cold water.
• Chemex - Pour over using a Chemex filter and decanter.
• Aeropress - Forcing water through a filter under air pressure.
• Espresso - Using an espresso machine to extract concentrated coffee.

The grind size and coffee-to-water ratio are also important. Specialty coffee shops can provide brewing guidance with purchases.

Health Benefits

Some key health benefits associated with specialty coffee include:

• Antioxidants - Higher levels than commercial coffee.
• Lower risk of diseases - Like type 2 diabetes, Parkinson's, and liver disease.
• Increased lifespan - Linked to drinking 3-4 cups per day.
• Better focus and energy - Due to caffeine content when consumed moderately.
• Nutrients - Such as magnesium, potassium, niacin, and vitamin E.

The fresher beans and careful processing of specialty coffee preserve the beneficial compounds. However, moderating caffeine intake remains essential.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How is specialty coffee different from commercial coffee?

Specialty coffee focuses on quality and flavor nuances versus volume and consistency. It uses higher-grade beans, careful processing, artisanal roasting, and preparation to highlight unique flavors.

2. Is specialty coffee more expensive?

Yes, specialty coffee tends to cost more due to the extra labor and care involved in small-batch production. But fans find the taste and experience worth the premium price.

3. Should I brew specialty coffee differently?

Specialty coffee shops can provide specific guidance, but generally, it is best prepared via pour-over, French press, Aeropress, or espresso. The right grind size and brew ratio are important.

4. How can I identify quality specialty coffee?

Indicators of quality include freshly roasted beans, single-origin or estate coffees, higher-grade Arabica beans, and aromas like fruit, flowers, or nuts. Taste looking for complexity and balance, not bitterness.

5. Are there health benefits to specialty coffee?

Yes, specialty coffee contains higher levels of antioxidants and beneficial nutrients. Moderate consumption has been linked to lower disease risk, increased lifespan, and improved focus and energy.

Conclusion

Specialty coffee offers a refined, elevated coffee experience through careful production, complex flavors, and artisanal preparation methods. With its boutique production and premium price, specialty coffee makes for an indulgent treat for passionate coffee lovers. Its potential health benefits and sustainable farming practices are an added bonus.

By understanding exactly what sets specialty coffee apart - from origin to flavor notes to brewing - anyone can learn to better appreciate and enjoy this special type of coffee.

What is Specialty Coffee? A Detailed Look at the Meaning and Characteristics

What is Specialty Coffee? A Detailed Look at the Meaning and Characteristics

Specialty coffee has become increasingly popular in recent years, with more and more coffee drinkers seeking out higher-quality beans and brews. But what exactly is specialty coffee and how is it defined? This comprehensive guide will explore the meaning, characteristics, and criteria that set specialty coffee apart.

Introduction to Specialty Coffee

Specialty coffee refers to coffee that is made from higher quality coffee beans and cares in production to produce an overall superior tasting brew. The Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) defines specialty coffee as:

"Coffee that is free of defects and has no primary tastes or smells that would overshadow or suppress the taste of the coffee itself. Specialty coffees are grown at ideal high altitudes, are processed with great care to prevent mold and over-fermentation, and are expertly roasted to bring out their inherent tastes and aromas."

So in essence, specialty coffee is coffee that has been carefully grown, harvested, and processed to highlight the unique flavors inherent to the coffee beans and their place of origin. This contrasts with commercial or commodity coffee that is mass-produced and often lower quality.

The term "specialty coffee" emerged in the 1970s and 80s as coffee shops began focusing on sourcing higher-quality coffee beans, roasting techniques, and preparing coffee drinks. Specialty coffee emphasizes quality from start to finish, paying attention to details such as:

• Where the coffee is grown
• The variety or cultivar of the coffee plant
• How the coffee cherries are picked and processed
• How the beans are roasted
• How the coffee is prepared and served

The goal is to produce the best-tasting coffee experience possible, bringing out the nuances and complex flavors of the beans. Specialty coffee producers aim to find the highest quality beans and use methods to optimize their natural flavors.

Characteristics and Criteria of Specialty Coffee

So what makes a coffee "specialty grade" compared to commercial grade coffee found in grocery stores or large chains? Several key characteristics and criteria help define specialty coffee.

Arabica Coffee Beans

The first criterion is that specialty coffee will be made with Arabica coffee beans, rather than the lower-quality Robusta beans used in mass coffee production. Arabica beans have a sweeter, more complex flavor profile compared to the harsher, more bitter taste of Robusta. Specialty coffee seeks to highlight the unique flavors and qualities of fine Arabica beans.

Higher Quality Grades

Specialty coffee is graded according to standards that evaluate attributes like size, appearance, and lack of defects. Only the top quality grades - such as AA or Extra Fancy - will be approved for specialty coffee. Lower grades with more defects or imperfections would compromise the flavor.

Single Origin vs Blends

Many specialty coffees are single origin, meaning the coffee beans were grown in one particular region or farm. This allows the "terroir" or qualities of that location to shine through. Specialty coffee may also be a single estate, coming from one specific farm.

That said, specialty coffee blends combining beans from different regions are also standard. But care is still taken to blend components that complement each other and create complexity.

Processing and Roasting

Another hallmark of specialty coffee is careful processing and roasting. Methods like the "washed" process help bring out acidity and clarity. Roasting is done to precise standards to create the optimal roast profile based on the coffee's inherent qualities. Light, medium, and dark roasts are customized to each particular coffee.

Freshness

Specialty coffee is fresh, meaning it is consumed within days or weeks of roasting before the coffee stales. Many specialty coffee roasters will print "roasted on" dates to indicate freshness. The beans then need proper storage and packaging.

Flavor and Quality

Of course, flavor and overall sensory quality determine if coffee is "specialty grade." Specialty coffee should have no significant defects and exhibit a pleasing, balanced flavor profile with some complexity and personality. Often there are tasting notes reminiscent of fruits, nuts, chocolate, flowers, spices, or other aromatics.

Certifications for Specialty Coffee

Several organizations offer certifications that can indicate if coffee meets specialty standards:

• SCAA Certifications - Coffees that score 80 points or above on the SCAA Coffee Standards Golden Cup testing are considered specialty grade. Coffees scoring 87+ are certified as Premium or Elite specialty coffee.
• Fair Trade - Fair Trade certifications indicate coffee was produced ethically and sustainably, with fair compensation for small-scale farmers. Standards help produce higher-quality beans.
• Organic - Organic coffees are grown without synthetic chemicals, which can improve coffee flavor and support ecological farming.
• Rainforest Alliance - This certification promotes sustainable farming practices that protect forests and habitats while producing better coffee.
• Smithsonian Bird Friendly - The most stringent shade-grown coffee certification, promoting high biodiversity "bird-friendly" shade cover on coffee farms.

While not required, these certifications can validate quality, sustainability, and ethics for specialty coffee consumers.

Types of Specialty Coffee Drinks

Specialty coffee refers not just to the beans, but to how the coffee is skillfully prepared and served. Some examples of specialty coffee drinks and methods include:

• Pour over - Slowly pour hot water over coffee grounds to gently extract flavor. Manual pour-over produces a clean, bright coffee.
• Cold brew - Steeping ground coffee in cool water for an extended time, producing a smooth, less acidic cold coffee concentrate.
• Chemex - A manual pour-over using a Chemex filter to produce a clean, light-bodied coffee.
• French press - Steeping coffee grounds in hot water and using a plunger to filter out grounds. Creates a robust, full-flavored coffee.
• Espresso - Using an espresso machine to force hot water under pressure through finely ground coffee. Creates an intense, concentrated coffee.
• Cappuccino - Espresso topped with steamed, foamy milk, allowing espresso flavors to shine.
• Latte - Espresso with steamed milk and a thin layer of foam, highlighting milk's flavor contribution.

These methods allow the natural flavors of quality coffee beans to be highlighted. The barista's skill and knowledge are critical.

Specialty Coffee Roasters and Shops

So where can you find specialty coffee? High-end coffee shops and artisan coffee roasters are good options. Here are some roasters known for specialty coffee:

• Blue Bottle - Founded in Oakland, Blue Bottle is dedicated to freshly roasted single-origin coffees and manual brew methods.
• Intelligentsia - This pioneer Chicago roaster sources Direct Trade coffees and produces award-winning blends.
• Counter Culture - A specialty coffee leader based in Durham, NC with an emphasis on sustainably sourced beans.
• Stumptown - Iconic Portland roaster offering a variety of high-quality single-origin and blended coffees.
• Four Barrel - San Francisco roaster sourcing an array of beans from growers around the world.

Many local, independent coffee roasters and cafes may also produce or serve specialty coffee using high standards for sourcing and preparation. Look for small-batch roasting and coffee menus highlighting single-origin beans.

Benefits of Specialty Coffee

Why should you drink specialty coffee? There are several advantages compared to commercial coffee:

• Better flavor - Specialty coffee often has a more complex, nuanced flavor with clarity of aromatics.
• Appreciation of origins - You can better understand and appreciate how factors like variety, region, and processing influence coffee qualities.
• Support farmers - When produced sustainably and ethically, specialty coffee supports small-scale growers.
• Connection to the community - Drinking locally roasted specialty coffee connects you to your neighborhood cafe and roaster.
• Experienced baristas - The preparation skill of passionate baristas allows specialty coffee flavors to shine.
• Environmental benefits - Sustainable practices protect coffee lands. Shade coffee protects birds and wildlife.
• Health benefits - Specialty coffee is often higher in antioxidants than commercial coffee.

Overall, specialty coffee offers a superior drinking experience for coffee lovers interested in flavor, ethics, community, and sustainability.

Specialty vs Commercial Coffee - Key Differences

To summarize, here are some of the key differences between specialty and commercial/commodity coffee:

Specialty Coffee	Commercial Coffee
Arabica beans	Robusta beans common
Highest quality grades	Lower grades with more defects
Single-origin or careful blends	Indiscriminate blends
Careful processing methods	Lower standards in processing
Artisan small batch roasting	Bulk roasting in high volume
Freshness emphasized	Can be stale
Complex, nuanced flavors	Simple flavors, more bitterness
Highly skilled preparation	Automated preparation
Sustainable practices	Lower standards in sustainability
Support for farmers	Commodity market challenges for farmers
Higher consumer price	Lower consumer price

So while specialty coffee demands a higher price, fans would argue the experience is worth it! At the end of the day, specialty coffee promises a better journey from crop to cup.

Frequently Asked Questions About Specialty Coffee

What is the difference between specialty coffee and gourmet coffee?

While sometimes used interchangeably, "specialty coffee" implies meeting objective standards like SCAA criteria for high-quality coffee. "Gourmet coffee" is more of a marketing term without defined standards behind it. Any high-quality artisan coffee could be considered "gourmet."

Is specialty coffee better than Starbucks?

While Starbucks serves consistent, drinkable coffee, actual specialty coffee from high-end roasters or cafes is generally regarded as superior quality. However, Starbucks does serve some options like Reserve coffees that aim to compete with specialty coffee.

Is specialty coffee roasted differently?

Yes, specialty coffee roasters give great care to roasting beans to optimize the inherent flavor qualities of each coffee. Light, medium, and dark roasts are tailored to the particular coffee. Mainstream coffee is often roasted uniformly dark.

Is specialty coffee more expensive?

Typically yes, due to the higher costs for quality beans, processing, ethical sourcing, artisan roasting, skilled labor, and related factors. But fans find the superior taste and experience worth the extra cost.

Where can I buy specialty coffee beans?

Check your local artisan coffee roaster or high-end cafe. Many specialty roasters also sell beans online. Look for roasters who emphasize things like single-origin beans, craft roasting, and direct trade sourcing.

How should I brew specialty coffee at home?

Manual pour-over, French press, Aeropress, and cold brew are great options. Use the correct grind size and pay attention to factors like water quality and temperature. Espresso machines can also make specialty espresso at home.

Conclusion

Specialty coffee offers a higher quality, more ethical, and sustainable approach for passionate coffee lovers. By focusing on details from crop to cup, specialty coffee aims to produce an unparalleled tasting experience that highlights the diversity and complexity of exceptional coffee beans. From meticulous sourcing to artisan roasting and skilled preparation, specialty coffee promises delicious coffee and an enlightening journey into the world of high-end coffee. The proof is ultimately in the cup, where specialty coffee delivers nuanced flavors and aromas that captivate the senses. While demanding higher prices, specialty coffee devotees believe the experience is worth the investment. So for those interested in exploring coffee beyond the every day, specialty coffee offers a world-class beverage like no other.